tcpdump - dump traffic on a network

SYNOPSIS
       tcpdump [ -adeflnNOpqRStuvxX ] [ -c count ]
               [ -C file_size ] [ -F file ]
               [ -i interface ] [ -m module ] [ -r file ]
               [ -s snaplen ] [ -T type ] [ -w file ]
               [ -E algo:secret ] [ expression ]

DESCRIPTION
       Tcpdump  prints  out  the  headers of packets on a network
       interface that match the boolean expression.  It can  also
       be  run  with  the  -w  flag,  which causes it to save the
       packet data to a file for later analysis, and/or with  the
       -b  flag, which causes it to read from a saved packet file
       rather than to read packets from a network interface.   In
       all cases, only packets that match expression will be pro
       cessed by tcpdump.

       Tcpdump will, if not run with the -c flag,  continue  cap
       turing  packets until it is interrupted by a SIGINT signal
       (generated, for example, by typing your interrupt  charac
       ter,  typically  control-C) or a SIGTERM signal (typically
       generated with the kill(1) command); if run  with  the  -c
       flag, it will capture packets until it is interrupted by a
       SIGINT or SIGTERM signal or the specified number of  pack
       ets have been processed.

       When  tcpdump  finishes  capturing packets, it will report
       counts of:

              packets ``received by filter'' (the meaning of this
              depends  on the OS on which you're running tcpdump,
              and possibly on the way the OS was configured -  if
              a filter was specified on the command line, on some
              OSes it counts packets regardless of  whether  they
              were matched by the filter expression, and on other
              OSes it counts only packets that  were  matched  by
              the  filter  expression  and were processed by tcp
              dump);

              packets ``dropped by kernel'' (this is  the  number
              of  packets  that  were  dropped,  due to a lack of
              buffer space, by the packet  capture  mechanism  in
              the  OS  on  which  tcpdump  is  running, if the OS
              reports that information to applications;  if  not,
              it will be reported as 0).

       On platforms that support the SIGINFO signal, such as most
       BSDs, it will report those counts when it receives a  SIG
       INFO signal (generated, for example, by typing your ``sta
       tus'' character, typically control-T)  and  will  continue
       you have special privileges:

       Under SunOS 3.x or 4.x with NIT or BPF:
              You must have read access to /dev/nit or /dev/bpf*.

       Under Solaris with DLPI:
              You  must  have  read/write  access  to the network
              pseudo device, e.g.  /dev/le.   On  at  least  some
              versions  of  Solaris,  however, this is not suffi
              cient to allow tcpdump to  capture  in  promiscuous
              mode;  on  those  versions  of Solaris, you must be
              root, or tcpdump must be installed setuid to  root,
              in order to capture in promiscuous mode.

       Under HP-UX with DLPI:
              You  must  be  root  or  tcpdump  must be installed
              setuid to root.

       Under IRIX with snoop:
              You must be  root  or  tcpdump  must  be  installed
              setuid to root.

       Under Linux:
              You  must  be  root  or  tcpdump  must be installed
              setuid to root.

       Under Ultrix and Digital UNIX:
              Once the super-user  has  enabled  promiscuous-mode
              operation  using  pfconfig(8), any user may capture
              network traffic with tcpdump.

       Under BSD:
              You must have read access to /dev/bpf*.

       Reading a saved packet file doesn't require special privi
       leges.

OPTIONS
       -a     Attempt  to convert network and broadcast addresses
              to names.

       -c     Exit after receiving count packets.

       -C     Before writing a raw packet to  a  savefile,  check
              whether the file is currently larger than file_size
              and, if so, close the current savefile and  open  a
              new  one.   Savefiles after the first savefile will
              have the name specified with the -w  flag,  with  a
              number  after  it,  starting  at  2  and continuing
              upward.  The units of  file_size  are  millions  of
              bytes (1,000,000 bytes, not 1,048,576 bytes).

       -dd    Dump packet-matching code as a C program  fragment.

       -ddd   Dump  packet-matching code as decimal numbers (pre
              ceded with a count).

       -e     Print the link-level header on each dump line.

       -E     Use algo:secret for decrypting IPsec  ESP  packets.
              Algorithms  may be des-cbc, 3des-cbc, blowfish-cbc,
              rc3-cbc, cast128-cbc, or none.  The default is des-
              cbc.   The  ability to decrypt packets is only pre
              sent if  tcpdump  was  compiled  with  cryptography
              enabled.  secret the ascii text for ESP secret key.
              We cannot  take  arbitrary  binary  value  at  this
              moment.    The  option  assumes  RFC2406  ESP,  not
              RFC1827 ESP.  The option is only for debugging pur
              poses,  and  the  use  of  this  option  with truly
              `secret' key is discouraged.  By  presenting  IPsec
              secret key onto command line you make it visible to
              others, via ps(1) and other occasions.

       -f     Print  `foreign'  internet  addresses   numerically
              rather  than  symbolically (this option is intended
              to get around serious  brain  damage  in  Sun's  yp
              server -- usually it hangs forever translating non-
              local internet numbers).

       -F     Use file as input for the  filter  expression.   An
              additional  expression given on the command line is
              ignored.

       -i     Listen  on  interface.   If  unspecified,   tcpdump
              searches  the  system interface list for the lowest
              numbered, configured up interface (excluding  loop
              back).   Ties  are  broken by choosing the earliest
              match.

              On Linux systems with  2.2  or  later  kernels,  an
              interface  argument  of ``any'' can be used to cap
              ture packets from all interfaces.  Note  that  cap
              tures  on  the  ``any''  device will not be done in
              promiscuous mode.

       -l     Make stdout line buffered.  Useful if you  want  to
              see the data while capturing it.  E.g.,
              ``tcpdump  -l  |  tee  dat''  or  ``tcpdump  -l   >
              dat  &  tail  -f  dat''.

       -m     Load SMI MIB module definitions from  file  module.
              This  option can be used several times to load sev
              eral MIB modules into tcpdump.
              numbers, etc.) to names.

       -N     Don't  print  domain  name  qualification  of  host
              names.  E.g., if you give this  flag  then  tcpdump
              will print ``nic'' instead of ``nic.ddn.mil''.

       -O     Do  not  run  the  packet-matching  code optimizer.
              This is useful only if you suspect  a  bug  in  the
              optimizer.

       -p     Don't  put  the  interface  into  promiscuous mode.
              Note that the interface  might  be  in  promiscuous
              mode  for  some other reason; hence, `-p' cannot be
              used as an abbreviation for `ether host  {local-hw-
              addr} or ether broadcast'.

       -q     Quick  (quiet?) output.  Print less protocol infor
              mation so output lines are shorter.

       -R     Assume ESP/AH packets to be based on old specifica
              tion  (RFC1825  to RFC1829).  If specified, tcpdump
              will not  print  replay  prevention  field.   Since
              there is no protocol version field in ESP/AH speci
              fication, tcpdump  cannot  deduce  the  version  of
              ESP/AH protocol.

       -r     Read  packets from file (which was created with the
              -w option).  Standard input  is  used  if  file  is
              ``-''.

       -S     Print  absolute, rather than relative, TCP sequence
              numbers.

       -s     Snarf snaplen bytes of data from each packet rather
              than the default of 68 (with SunOS's NIT, the mini
              mum is actually 96).  68 bytes is adequate for  IP,
              ICMP,  TCP and UDP but may truncate protocol infor
              mation  from  name  server  and  NFS  packets  (see
              below).   Packets  truncated  because  of a limited
              snapshot  are  indicated   in   the   output   with
              ``[|proto]'', where proto is the name of the proto
              col level at which  the  truncation  has  occurred.
              Note  that  taking  larger snapshots both increases
              the amount of time it takes to process packets and,
              effectively, decreases the amount of packet buffer
              ing.  This may  cause  packets  to  be  lost.   You
              should  limit  snaplen  to the smallest number that
              will capture the protocol information you're inter
              ested  in.   Setting  snaplen  to  0  means use the
              required length to catch whole packets.

       -T     Force packets selected by "expression" to be inter
              cedure  Call),  rtp  (Real-Time Applications proto
              col), rtcp (Real-Time Applications  control  proto
              col),  snmp  (Simple  Network Management Protocol),
              vat (Visual Audio Tool), and wb (distributed  White
              Board).

       -t     Don't print a timestamp on each dump line.

       -tt    Print an unformatted timestamp on each dump line.

       -ttt   Print  a  delta  (in micro-seconds) between current
              and previous line on each dump line.

       -tttt  Print a timestamp in default  format  proceeded  by
              date  on  each  dump  line.  -u Print undecoded NFS
              handles.

       -v     (Slightly more) verbose output.  For  example,  the
              time  to  live,  identification,  total  length and
              options in an IP packet are printed.  Also  enables
              additional  packet integrity checks such as verify
              ing the IP and ICMP header checksum.

       -vv    Even more verbose output.  For example,  additional
              fields  are printed from NFS reply packets, and SMB
              packets are fully decoded.

       -vvv   Even more verbose output.  For example,  telnet  SB
              ... SE options are printed in full.  With -X telnet
              options are printed in hex as well.

       -w     Write the raw packets to file rather  than  parsing
              and  printing  them out.  They can later be printed
              with the -r option.  Standard  output  is  used  if
              file is ``-''.

       -x     Print  each packet (minus its link level header) in
              hex.  The smaller of the entire packet  or  snaplen
              bytes will be printed.

       -X     When  printing hex, print ascii too.  Thus if -x is
              also set, the packet is printed in hex/ascii.  This
              is very handy for analysing new protocols.  Even if
              -x is not also set, some parts of some packets  may
              be printed in hex/ascii.

        expression
              selects  which  packets  will  be  dumped.   If  no
              expression is given, all packets on the net will be
              dumped.   Otherwise, only packets for which expres
              sion is `true' will be dumped.

              ber) preceded by one or more qualifiers.  There are
              three different kinds of qualifier:

              type   qualifiers  say  what  kind  of thing the id
                     name or number refers  to.   Possible  types
                     are  host,  net and port.  E.g., `host foo',
                     `net 128.3', `port 20'.  If there is no type
                     qualifier, host is assumed.

              dir    qualifiers  specify  a  particular  transfer
                     direction  to  and/or  from  id.    Possible
                     directions  are src, dst, src or dst and src
                     and dst.  E.g., `src foo', `dst net  128.3',
                     `src  or dst port ftp-data'.  If there is no
                     dir qualifier, src or dst is  assumed.   For
                     `null' link layers (i.e. point to point pro
                     tocols such as slip) the  inbound  and  out
                     bound  qualifiers  can  be used to specify a
                     desired direction.

              proto  qualifiers restrict the match to a  particu
                     lar  protocol.   Possible protos are: ether,
                     fddi, tr, ip, ip6, arp,  rarp,  decnet,  tcp
                     and  udp.   E.g.,  `ether src foo', `arp net
                     128.3', `tcp port 21'.  If there is no proto
                     qualifier, all protocols consistent with the
                     type are assumed.   E.g.,  `src  foo'  means
                     `(ip  or  arp  or rarp) src foo' (except the
                     latter is not legal syntax), `net bar' means
                     `(ip  or arp or rarp) net bar' and `port 53'
                     means `(tcp or udp) port 53'.

              [`fddi' is  actually  an  alias  for  `ether';  the
              parser  treats  them  identically  as meaning ``the
              data link  level  used  on  the  specified  network
              interface.''   FDDI  headers  contain Ethernet-like
              source and destination addresses, and often contain
              Ethernet-like  packet  types,  so you can filter on
              these FDDI fields just as with the analogous Ether
              net   fields.   FDDI  headers  also  contain  other
              fields, but you cannot name them  explicitly  in  a
              filter expression.

              Similarly, `tr' is an alias for `ether'; the previ
              ous paragraph's statements about FDDI headers  also
              apply to Token Ring headers.]

              In  addition  to  the above, there are some special
              `primitive' keywords that don't follow the pattern:
              gateway,  broadcast,  less,  greater and arithmetic
              expressions.  All of these are described below.

              tives.  E.g., `host foo and not port  ftp  and  not
              port  ftp-data'.   To save typing, identical quali
              fier lists can be omitted.  E.g., `tcp dst port ftp
              or  ftp-data or domain' is exactly the same as `tcp
              dst port ftp or tcp dst port ftp-data  or  tcp  dst
              port domain'.

              Allowable primitives are:

              dst host host
                     True if the IPv4/v6 destination field of the
                     packet is  host,  which  may  be  either  an
                     address or a name.

              src host host
                     True  if  the  IPv4/v6  source  field of the
                     packet is host.

              host host
                     True if either the IPv4/v6 source or  desti
                     nation  of  the  packet is host.  Any of the
                     above host expressions can be prepended with
                     the keywords, ip, arp, rarp, or ip6 as in:
                          ip host host
                     which is equivalent to:
                          ether proto \ip and host host
                     If   host   is   a  name  with  multiple  IP
                     addresses, each address will be checked  for
                     a match.

              ether dst ehost
                     True  if the ethernet destination address is
                     ehost.  Ehost may  be  either  a  name  from
                     /etc/ethers  or a number (see ethers(3N) for
                     numeric format).

              ether src ehost
                     True  if  the  ethernet  source  address  is
                     ehost.

              ether host ehost
                     True if either the ethernet source or desti
                     nation address is ehost.

              gateway host
                     True if the packet used host as  a  gateway.
                     I.e.,  the  ethernet  source  or destination
                     address was host but neither the  IP  source
                     nor  the IP destination was host.  Host must
                     be a name and must  be  found  both  by  the
                     machine's host-name-to-IP-address resolution
                     mechanisms (host name file, DNS, NIS,  etc.)
                     etc.).  (An equivalent expression is
                          ether host ehost and not host host
                     which  can be used with either names or num
                     bers for host / ehost.)   This  syntax  does
                     not  work  in  IPv6-enabled configuration at
                     this moment.

              dst net net
                     True if the IPv4/v6 destination  address  of
                     the packet has a network number of net.  Net
                     may be either a name from /etc/networks or a
                     network    number   (see   networks(4)   for
                     details).

              src net net
                     True if the IPv4/v6 source  address  of  the
                     packet has a network number of net.

              net net
                     True  if either the IPv4/v6 source or desti
                     nation address of the packet has  a  network
                     number of net.

              net net mask netmask
                     True  if the IP address matches net with the
                     specific netmask.  May be qualified with src
                     or  dst.  Note that this syntax is not valid
                     for IPv6 net.

              net net/len
                     True if the IPv4/v6 address matches net with
                     a  netmask  len bits wide.  May be qualified
                     with src or dst.

              dst port port
                     True  if  the  packet  is  ip/tcp,   ip/udp,
                     ip6/tcp  or  ip6/udp  and  has a destination
                     port value of port.  The port can be a  num
                     ber  or  a  name  used in /etc/services (see
                     tcp(4P) and udp(4P)).  If a  name  is  used,
                     both   the  port  number  and  protocol  are
                     checked.  If a number or ambiguous  name  is
                     used, only the port number is checked (e.g.,
                     dst port 513 will print both tcp/login traf
                     fic  and  udp/who  traffic,  and port domain
                     will print both  tcp/domain  and  udp/domain
                     traffic).

              src port port
                     True  if  the packet has a source port value
                     of port.

                     True if either  the  source  or  destination
                     port  of  the  packet  is  port.  Any of the
                     above port expressions can be prepended with
                     the keywords, tcp or udp, as in:
                          tcp src port port
                     which  matches only tcp packets whose source
                     port is port.

              less length
                     True if the packet has a length less than or
                     equal to length.  This is equivalent to:
                          len <= length.

              greater length
                     True if the packet has a length greater than
                     or equal to length.  This is equivalent to:
                          len >= length.

              ip proto protocol
                     True if the packet  is  an  IP  packet  (see
                     ip(4P)) of protocol type protocol.  Protocol
                     can be a number or one of  the  names  icmp,
                     icmp6,  igmp, igrp, pim, ah, esp, vrrp, udp,
                     or tcp.  Note that the identifiers tcp, udp,
                     and  icmp  are  also  keywords  and  must be
                     escaped via backslash (\), which  is  \\  in
                     the  C-shell.  Note that this primitive does
                     not chase the protocol header chain.

              ip6 proto protocol
                     True if the packet is an IPv6 packet of pro
                     tocol  type protocol.  Note that this primi
                     tive does  not  chase  the  protocol  header
                     chain.

              ip6 protochain protocol
                     True  if the packet is IPv6 packet, and con
                     tains protocol header with type protocol  in
                     its protocol header chain.  For example,
                          ip6 protochain 6
                     matches  any  IPv6  packet with TCP protocol
                     header in the protocol  header  chain.   The
                     packet may contain, for example, authentica
                     tion header, routing header,  or  hop-by-hop
                     option  header,  between IPv6 header and TCP
                     header.  The BPF code emitted by this primi
                     tive  is  complex and cannot be optimized by
                     BPF optimizer code in tcpdump, so  this  can
                     be somewhat slow.

              ip protochain protocol
                     Equivalent  to  ip6 protochain protocol, but
                     True if the packet is an ethernet  broadcast
                     packet.  The ether keyword is optional.

              ip broadcast
                     True  if  the  packet  is  an  IP  broadcast
                     packet.  It checks for both  the  all-zeroes
                     and   all-ones  broadcast  conventions,  and
                     looks up the local subnet mask.

              ether multicast
                     True if the packet is an ethernet  multicast
                     packet.   The  ether  keyword  is  optional.
                     This is shorthand for `ether[0] & 1 != 0'.

              ip multicast
                     True  if  the  packet  is  an  IP  multicast
                     packet.

              ip6 multicast
                     True  if  the  packet  is  an IPv6 multicast
                     packet.

              ether proto protocol
                     True if the packet is of ether  type  proto
                     col.  Protocol can be a number or one of the
                     names ip, ip6, arp, rarp, atalk, aarp,  dec
                     net,  sca, lat, mopdl, moprc, iso, stp, ipx,
                     or netbeui.  Note these identifiers are also
                     keywords  and  must be escaped via backslash
                     (\).

                     [In the case of FDDI (e.g.,  `fddi  protocol
                     arp')  and  Token  Ring  (e.g., `tr protocol
                     arp'), for most of those protocols, the pro
                     tocol  identification  comes  from the 802.2
                     Logical Link Control (LLC) header, which  is
                     usually  layered on top of the FDDI or Token
                     Ring header.

                     When filtering for most protocol identifiers
                     on  FDDI  or Token Ring, tcpdump checks only
                     the protocol ID field of an  LLC  header  in
                     so-called SNAP format with an Organizational
                     Unit  Identifier  (OUI)  of  0x000000,   for
                     encapsulated   Ethernet;  it  doesn't  check
                     whether the packet is in SNAP format with an
                     OUI of 0x000000.

                     The  exceptions are iso, for which it checks
                     the DSAP (Destination Service Access  Point)
                     and   SSAP  (Source  Service  Access  Point)
                     fields of the LLC header, stp  and  netbeui,
                     packet  with  an  OUI  of  0x080007  and the
                     Appletalk etype.

                     In the case of Ethernet, tcpdump checks  the
                     Ethernet type field for most of those proto
                     cols; the exceptions are iso, sap, and  net
                     beui, for which it checks for an 802.3 frame
                     and then checks the LLC header  as  it  does
                     for  FDDI  and  Token  Ring, atalk, where it
                     checks both for the Appletalk  etype  in  an
                     Ethernet  frame and for a SNAP-format packet
                     as it does for FDDI and  Token  Ring,  aarp,
                     where  it checks for the Appletalk ARP etype
                     in either an Ethernet frame or an 802.2 SNAP
                     frame  with  an  OUI  of  0x000000, and ipx,
                     where it checks for the IPX etype in an Eth
                     ernet frame, the IPX DSAP in the LLC header,
                     the 802.3 with no LLC  header  encapsulation
                     of  IPX, and the IPX etype in a SNAP frame.]

              decnet src host
                     True if the DECNET source address  is  host,
                     which   may   be  an  address  of  the  form
                     ``10.123'', or a DECNET host name.   [DECNET
                     host  name  support  is  only  available  on
                     Ultrix systems that are  configured  to  run
                     DECNET.]

              decnet dst host
                     True  if  the  DECNET destination address is
                     host.

              decnet host host
                     True if either the DECNET source or destina
                     tion address is host.

              ip, ip6, arp, rarp, atalk, aarp, decnet, iso, stp,
                     ipx, netbeui
                     Abbreviations for:
                          ether proto p
                     where p is one of the above protocols.

              lat, moprc, mopdl
                     Abbreviations for:
                          ether proto p
                     where p is one of the above protocols.  Note
                     that  tcpdump does not currently know how to
                     parse these protocols.

              vlan [vlan_id]
                     True if the packet is an  IEEE  802.1Q  VLAN
                     packet.   If  [vlan_id]  is  specified, only
                     encountered in expression changes the decod
                     ing  offsets for the remainder of expression
                     on the assumption that the packet is a  VLAN
                     packet.

              tcp, udp, icmp
                     Abbreviations for:
                          ip proto p or ip6 proto p
                     where p is one of the above protocols.

              iso proto protocol
                     True  if the packet is an OSI packet of pro
                     tocol type protocol.  Protocol can be a num
                     ber or one of the names clnp, esis, or isis.

              clnp, esis, isis
                     Abbreviations for:
                          iso proto p
                     where p is one of the above protocols.  Note
                     that tcpdump does an incomplete job of pars
                     ing these protocols.

              expr relop expr
                     True if the relation holds, where  relop  is
                     one  of  >, <, >=, <=, =, !=, and expr is an
                     arithmetic expression  composed  of  integer
                     constants  (expressed in standard C syntax),
                     the normal binary operators [+, -, *, /,  &,
                     |],  a  length  operator, and special packet
                     data accessors.  To access data  inside  the
                     packet, use the following syntax:
                          proto [ expr : size ]
                     Proto  is  one  of ether, fddi, tr, ip, arp,
                     rarp, tcp, udp, icmp or ip6,  and  indicates
                     the  protocol layer for the index operation.
                     Note that tcp,  udp  and  other  upper-layer
                     protocol  types only apply to IPv4, not IPv6
                     (this will be fixed  in  the  future).   The
                     byte  offset, relative to the indicated pro
                     tocol layer, is  given  by  expr.   Size  is
                     optional  and  indicates the number of bytes
                     in the field of interest; it can  be  either
                     one, two, or four, and defaults to one.  The
                     length operator, indicated  by  the  keyword
                     len, gives the length of the packet.

                     For example, `ether[0] & 1 != 0' catches all
                     multicast traffic.  The expression `ip[0]  &
                     0xf  !=  5'  catches  all  IP  packets  with
                     options.  The expression `ip[6:2] & 0x1fff =
                     0'  catches  only unfragmented datagrams and
                     frag zero  of  fragmented  datagrams.   This
                     always  means  the  first  byte  of  the TCP
                     header, and never means the first byte of an
                     intervening fragment.

                     Some   offsets   and  field  values  may  be
                     expressed as names rather  than  as  numeric
                     values.  The following protocol header field
                     offsets are available: icmptype  (ICMP  type
                     field),  icmpcode  (ICMP  code  field),  and
                     tcpflags (TCP flags field).

                     The following ICMP  type  field  values  are
                     available:   icmp-echoreply,   icmp-unreach,
                     icmp-sourcequench, icmp-redirect, icmp-echo,
                     icmp-routeradvert, icmp-routersolicit, icmp-
                     timxceed, icmp-paramprob, icmp-tstamp, icmp-
                     tstampreply,    icmp-ireq,   icmp-ireqreply,
                     icmp-maskreq, icmp-maskreply.

                     The following TCP  flags  field  values  are
                     available:  tcp-fin,  tcp-syn, tcp-rst, tcp-
                     push, tcp-push, tcp-ack, tcp-urg.

              Primitives may be combined using:

                     A  parenthesized  group  of  primitives  and
                     operators  (parentheses  are  special to the
                     Shell and must be escaped).

                     Negation (`!' or `not').

                     Concatenation (`&&' or `and').

                     Alternation (`||' or `or').

              Negation has highest precedence.   Alternation  and
              concatenation  have  equal precedence and associate
              left to right.  Note that explicit and tokens,  not
              juxtaposition,  are now required for concatenation.

              If an identifier is given without  a  keyword,  the
              most recent keyword is assumed.  For example,
                   not host vs and ace
              is short for
                   not host vs and host ace
              which should not be confused with
                   not ( host vs or ace )

              Expression  arguments  can  be passed to tcpdump as
              either a single argument or as multiple  arguments,
              whichever  is  more  convenient.  Generally, if the
              expression contains  Shell  metacharacters,  it  is
              before being parsed.

EXAMPLES
       To  print  all  packets arriving at or departing from sun
       down:
              tcpdump host sundown

       To print traffic between helios and either hot or ace:
              tcpdump host helios and \( hot or ace \)

       To print all IP packets between ace and  any  host  except
       helios:
              tcpdump ip host ace and not helios

       To  print  all  traffic  between  local hosts and hosts at
       Berkeley:
              tcpdump net ucb-ether

       To print all ftp traffic through  internet  gateway  snup:
       (note  that  the expression is quoted to prevent the shell
       from (mis-)interpreting the parentheses):
              tcpdump 'gateway snup and (port ftp or ftp-data)'

       To print traffic neither sourced  from  nor  destined  for
       local  hosts  (if you gateway to one other net, this stuff
       should never make it onto your local net).
              tcpdump ip and not net localnet

       To print the start and end packets (the SYN and FIN  pack
       ets)  of  each  TCP conversation that involves a non-local
       host.
              tcpdump 'tcp[tcpflags] & (tcp-syn|tcp-fin) != 0 and not src and dst net localnet'

       To print IP packets longer than  576  bytes  sent  through
       gateway snup:
              tcpdump 'gateway snup and ip[2:2] > 576'

       To  print  IP broadcast or multicast packets that were not
       sent via ethernet broadcast or multicast:
              tcpdump 'ether[0] & 1 = 0 and ip[16] >= 224'

       To  print   all   ICMP   packets   that   are   not   echo
       requests/replies (i.e., not ping packets):
              tcpdump 'icmp[icmptype] != icmp-echo and icmp[icmptype] != icmp-echoreply'

OUTPUT FORMAT
       The  output of tcpdump is protocol dependent.  The follow
       ing gives a brief description and examples of most of  the
       formats.

       Link Level Headers

       addresses, protocol, and packet length are printed.

       On FDDI networks, the  '-e' option causes tcpdump to print
       the `frame control' field,   the  source  and  destination
       addresses,  and  the  packet length.  (The `frame control'
       field governs  the  interpretation  of  the  rest  of  the
       packet.  Normal packets (such as those containing IP data
       grams) are `async' packets, with a priority value  between
       0  and 7; for example, `async4'.  Such packets are assumed
       to contain an 802.2 Logical Link Control (LLC) packet; the
       LLC  header  is  printed if it is not an ISO datagram or a
       so-called SNAP packet.

       On Token Ring networks, the '-e' option causes tcpdump  to
       print the `access control' and `frame control' fields, the
       source and destination addresses, and the  packet  length.
       As on FDDI networks, packets are assumed to contain an LLC
       packet.  Regardless of whether the '-e' option  is  speci
       fied or not, the source routing information is printed for
       source-routed packets.

       (N.B.: The following description assumes familiarity  with
       the SLIP compression algorithm described in RFC-1144.)

       On  SLIP  links, a direction indicator (``I'' for inbound,
       ``O'' for outbound), packet type, and compression informa
       tion  are  printed out.  The packet type is printed first.
       The three types are ip, utcp, and ctcp.  No  further  link
       information  is  printed for ip packets.  For TCP packets,
       the connection identifier is printed following  the  type.
       If the packet is compressed, its encoded header is printed
       out.  The special cases are printed out as *S+n and *SA+n,
       where  n  is  the  amount by which the sequence number (or
       sequence number and ack) has changed.  If it is not a spe
       cial  case, zero or more changes are printed.  A change is
       indicated by U (urgent pointer), W (window),  A  (ack),  S
       (sequence  number), and I (packet ID), followed by a delta
       (+n or -n), or a new value (=n).  Finally, the  amount  of
       data  in  the  packet  and  compressed  header  length are
       printed.

       For example, the following line  shows  an  outbound  com
       pressed  TCP  packet,  with an implicit connection identi
       fier; the ack has changed by 6, the sequence number by 49,
       and  the  packet  ID by 6; there are 3 bytes of data and 6
       bytes of compressed header:
              O ctcp * A+6 S+49 I+6 3 (6)

       ARP/RARP Packets

       Arp/rarp output shows the type of request  and  its  argu
       ments.   The  format  is  intended to be self explanatory.
              arp who-has csam tell rtsg
              arp reply csam is-at CSAM
       The  first  line  says that rtsg sent an arp packet asking
       for the ethernet address  of  internet  host  csam.   Csam
       replies with its ethernet address (in this example, ether
       net addresses are in caps and internet addresses in  lower
       case).

       This would look less redundant if we had done tcpdump -n:
              arp who-has 128.3.254.6 tell 128.3.254.68
              arp reply 128.3.254.6 is-at 02:07:01:00:01:c4

       If  we had done tcpdump -e, the fact that the first packet
       is broadcast and the second  is  point-to-point  would  be
       visible:
              RTSG Broadcast 0806  64: arp who-has csam tell rtsg
              CSAM RTSG 0806  64: arp reply csam is-at CSAM
       For the first packet this says the ethernet source address
       is  RTSG,  the  destination  is  the  ethernet   broadcast
       address,   the   type   field  contained  hex  0806  (type
       ETHER_ARP) and the total length was 64 bytes.

       TCP Packets

       (N.B.:The following description assumes  familiarity  with
       the  TCP  protocol  described  in RFC-793.  If you are not
       familiar with the protocol, neither this  description  nor
       tcpdump will be of much use to you.)

       The general format of a tcp protocol line is:
              src > dst: flags data-seqno ack window urgent options
       Src  and  dst  are the source and destination IP addresses
       and ports.  Flags are  some  combination  of  S  (SYN),  F
       (FIN),  P  (PUSH)  or  R (RST) or a single `.' (no flags).
       Data-seqno describes the portion of sequence space covered
       by  the  data  in this packet (see example below).  Ack is
       sequence number of the next data expected the other direc
       tion on this connection.  Window is the number of bytes of
       receive buffer space available the other direction on this
       connection.   Urg  indicates there is `urgent' data in the
       packet.  Options are tcp options enclosed in angle  brack
       ets (e.g., <mss 1024>).

       Src,  dst  and flags are always present.  The other fields
       depend on the contents of the packet's tcp protocol header
       and are output only if appropriate.

       Here is the opening portion of an rlogin from host rtsg to
       host csam.
              rtsg.1023 > csam.login: S 768512:768512(0) win 4096 <mss 1024>
              csam.login > rtsg.1023: S 947648:947648(0) ack 768513 win 4096 <mss 1024>
              rtsg.1023 > csam.login: . ack 1 win 4096
              rtsg.1023 > csam.login: P 2:21(19) ack 1 win 4096
              csam.login > rtsg.1023: P 1:2(1) ack 21 win 4077
              csam.login > rtsg.1023: P 2:3(1) ack 21 win 4077 urg 1
              csam.login > rtsg.1023: P 3:4(1) ack 21 win 4077 urg 1
       The first line says that tcp port  1023  on  rtsg  sent  a
       packet  to  port  login on csam.  The S indicates that the
       SYN flag was set.  The packet sequence number  was  768512
       and    it   contained   no   data.    (The   notation   is
       `first:last(nbytes)' which means `sequence  numbers  first
       up to but not including last which is nbytes bytes of user
       data'.)  There was  no  piggy-backed  ack,  the  available
       receive window was 4096 bytes and there was a max-segment-
       size option requesting an mss of 1024 bytes.

       Csam replies with a similar packet except  it  includes  a
       piggy-backed  ack  for  rtsg's SYN.  Rtsg then acks csam's
       SYN.  The `.' means no flags were set.   The  packet  con
       tained  no data so there is no data sequence number.  Note
       that the ack sequence number is a small integer (1).   The
       first  time  tcpdump  sees a tcp `conversation', it prints
       the sequence number from the packet.  On subsequent  pack
       ets  of  the conversation, the difference between the cur
       rent packet's sequence number and  this  initial  sequence
       number is printed.  This means that sequence numbers after
       the first can be interpreted as relative byte positions in
       the  conversation's  data stream (with the first data byte
       each direction being `1').  `-S' will override  this  fea
       ture,  causing the original sequence numbers to be output.

       On the 6th line, rtsg sends csam 19 bytes of data (bytes 2
       through  20 in the rtsg -> csam side of the conversation).
       The PUSH flag is set in the packet.  On the 7th line, csam
       says it's received data sent by rtsg up to but not includ
       ing byte 21.  Most of this data is apparently  sitting  in
       the  socket  buffer since csam's receive window has gotten
       19 bytes smaller.  Csam also sends one  byte  of  data  to
       rtsg in this packet.  On the 8th and 9th lines, csam sends
       two bytes of urgent, pushed data to rtsg.

       If the snapshot was small enough that tcpdump didn't  cap
       ture  the  full  TCP  header, it interprets as much of the
       header as it can and then reports ``[|tcp]''  to  indicate
       the  remainder  could  not  be interpreted.  If the header
       contains a bogus option (one with a length  that's  either
       too  small  or  beyond  the  end  of  the header), tcpdump
       reports it as ``[bad opt]'' and  does  not  interpret  any
       further  options (since it's impossible to tell where they
       start).  If the header length indicates options  are  pre
       sent but the IP datagram length is not long enough for the
       options to actually be there, tcpdump reports it as ``[bad
       hdr length]''.

       There are 8 bits in the control bits section  of  the  TCP
       header:

              CWR | ECE | URG | ACK | PSH | RST | SYN | FIN

       Let's  assume that we want to watch packets used in estab
       lishing a TCP connection.  Recall that TCP  uses  a  3-way
       handshake  protocol  when it initializes a new connection;
       the connection sequence with regard  to  the  TCP  control
       bits is

              1) Caller sends SYN
              2) Recipient responds with SYN, ACK
              3) Caller sends ACK

       Now  we're  interested in capturing packets that have only
       the SYN bit set (Step 1).  Note that we don't want packets
       from  step 2 (SYN-ACK), just a plain initial SYN.  What we
       need is a correct filter expression for tcpdump.

       Recall the structure of a TCP header without options:

        0                            15                              31
       -----------------------------------------------------------------
       |          source port          |       destination port        |
       -----------------------------------------------------------------
       |                        sequence number                        |
       -----------------------------------------------------------------
       |                     acknowledgment number                     |
       -----------------------------------------------------------------
       |  HL   | rsvd  |C|E|U|A|P|R|S|F|        window size            |
       -----------------------------------------------------------------
       |         TCP checksum          |       urgent pointer          |
       -----------------------------------------------------------------

       A TCP header usually  holds  20  octets  of  data,  unless
       options are present.  The first line of the graph contains
       octets 0 - 3, the second line shows octets 4 - 7 etc.

       Starting to count with 0, the relevant  TCP  control  bits
       are contained in octet 13:

        0             7|             15|             23|             31
       ----------------|---------------|---------------|----------------
       |  HL   | rsvd  |C|E|U|A|P|R|S|F|        window size            |
       ----------------|---------------|---------------|----------------
       |               |  13th octet   |               |               |

       Let's have a closer look at octet no. 13:

                       |               |
                       |---------------|
                       |7   5   3     0|

       These  are  the TCP control bits we are interested in.  We
       have numbered the bits in this octet from 0 to 7, right to
       left, so the PSH bit is bit number 3, while the URG bit is
       number 5.

       Recall that we want to capture packets with only SYN  set.
       Let's  see  what  happens  to  octet  13 if a TCP datagram
       arrives with the SYN bit set in its header:

                       |C|E|U|A|P|R|S|F|
                       |---------------|
                       |0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0|
                       |---------------|
                       |7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0|

       Looking at the control bits section we see that  only  bit
       number 1 (SYN) is set.

       Assuming that octet number 13 is an 8-bit unsigned integer
       in network byte order, the binary value of this octet is

              00000010

       and its decimal representation is

          7     6     5     4     3     2     1     0
       0*2 + 0*2 + 0*2 + 0*2 + 0*2 + 0*2 + 1*2 + 0*2  =  2

       We're almost done, because now we know that if only SYN is
       set,  the  value of the 13th octet in the TCP header, when
       interpreted as a 8-bit unsigned integer  in  network  byte
       order, must be exactly 2.

       This relationship can be expressed as
              tcp[13] == 2

       We  can  use  this expression as the filter for tcpdump in
       order to watch packets which have only SYN set:
              tcpdump -i xl0 tcp[13] == 2

       The expression says "let the 13th octet of a TCP  datagram
       have  the decimal value 2", which is exactly what we want.

       Now, let's assume that we need to capture SYN packets, but
       we  don't  care if ACK or any other TCP control bit is set
       at the same time.  Let's see what happens to octet 13 when
       a TCP datagram with SYN-ACK set arrives:

            |C|E|U|A|P|R|S|F|
            |---------------|
            |7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0|

       Now  bits  1  and 4 are set in the 13th octet.  The binary
       value of octet 13 is

                   00010010

       which translates to decimal

          7     6     5     4     3     2     1     0
       0*2 + 0*2 + 0*2 + 1*2 + 0*2 + 0*2 + 1*2 + 0*2   = 18

       Now we can't just use 'tcp[13] == 18' in the tcpdump  fil
       ter expression, because that would select only those pack
       ets that have SYN-ACK set, but not  those  with  only  SYN
       set.  Remember that we don't care if ACK or any other con
       trol bit is set as long as SYN is set.

       In order to achieve our goal, we need to logically AND the
       binary value of octet 13 with some other value to preserve
       the SYN bit.  We know that we want SYN to be  set  in  any
       case,  so  we'll logically AND the value in the 13th octet
       with the binary value of a SYN:

                 00010010 SYN-ACK              00000010 SYN
            AND  00000010 (we want SYN)   AND  00000010 (we want SYN)
                 --------                      --------
            =    00000010                 =    00000010

       We see that this AND operation delivers  the  same  result
       regardless  whether ACK or another TCP control bit is set.
       The decimal representation of the AND value as well as the
       result  of  this  operation  is 2 (binary 00000010), so we
       know that for packets with SYN set the following  relation
       must hold true:

              ( ( value of octet 13 ) AND ( 2 ) ) == ( 2 )

       This points us to the tcpdump filter expression
                   tcpdump -i xl0 'tcp[13] & 2 == 2'

       Note  that  you should use single quotes or a backslash in
       the expression to hide the  AND  ('&')  special  character
       from the shell.

       UDP Packets

       UDP format is illustrated by this rwho packet:
              actinide.who > broadcast.who: udp 84
       This  says that port who on host actinide sent a udp data

       Some  UDP services are recognized (from the source or des
       tination port number) and the higher level protocol infor
       mation   printed.   In  particular,  Domain  Name  service
       requests (RFC-1034/1035) and Sun RPC calls  (RFC-1050)  to
       NFS.

       UDP Name Server Requests

       (N.B.:The  following  description assumes familiarity with
       the Domain Service protocol described in RFC-1035.  If you
       are not familiar with the protocol, the following descrip
       tion will appear to be written in greek.)

       Name server requests are formatted as
              src > dst: id op? flags qtype qclass name (len)
              h2opolo.1538 > helios.domain: 3+ A? ucbvax.berkeley.edu. (37)
       Host h2opolo asked the domain  server  on  helios  for  an
       address  record  (qtype=A)  associated  with the name ucb
       vax.berkeley.edu.  The query id was `3'.   The  `+'  indi
       cates  the  recursion  desired  flag  was  set.  The query
       length was 37 bytes, not including the UDP and IP protocol
       headers.   The  query operation was the normal one, Query,
       so the op field was omitted.  If the op had been  anything
       else,  it  would have been printed between the `3' and the
       `+'.  Similarly, the qclass was the normal one, C_IN,  and
       omitted.  Any other qclass would have been printed immedi
       ately after the `A'.

       A few anomalies are checked and may result in extra fields
       enclosed  in  square  brackets:   If  a  query contains an
       answer, authority records or additional  records  section,
       ancount, nscount, or arcount are printed as `[na]', `[nn]'
       or  `[nau]' where n is the appropriate count.  If  any  of
       the  response bits are set (AA, RA or rcode) or any of the
       `must be zero' bits  are  set  in  bytes  two  and  three,
       `[b2&3=x]'  is printed, where x is the hex value of header
       bytes two and three.

       UDP Name Server Responses

       Name server responses are formatted as
              src > dst:  id op rcode flags a/n/au type class data (len)
              helios.domain > h2opolo.1538: 3 3/3/7 A 128.32.137.3 (273)
              helios.domain > h2opolo.1537: 2 NXDomain* 0/1/0 (97)
       In the first example, helios responds to query id  3  from
       h2opolo with 3 answer records, 3 name server records and 7
       additional records.  The first answer  record  is  type  A
       (address)  and  its data is internet address 128.32.137.3.
       The total size of the response was  273  bytes,  excluding
       UDP  and  IP  headers.   The  op (Query) and response code
       (NoError) were omitted, as was the class (C_IN) of  the  A
       response code of non-existent domain  (NXDomain)  with  no
       answers,  one  name  server and no authority records.  The
       `*' indicates that the authoritative answer bit  was  set.
       Since  there  were no answers, no type, class or data were
       printed.

       Other flag characters that might appear are `-' (recursion
       available,  RA,  not  set) and `|' (truncated message, TC,
       set).  If the `question' section doesn't  contain  exactly
       one entry, `[nq]' is printed.

       Note  that  name  server requests and responses tend to be
       large and the default snaplen of 68 bytes may not  capture
       enough  of  the  packet  to  print.   Use  the  -s flag to
       increase the snaplen if you need to seriously  investigate
       name server traffic.  `-s 128' has worked well for me.

       SMB/CIFS decoding

       tcpdump  now includes fairly extensive SMB/CIFS/NBT decod
       ing for data on UDP/137, UDP/138 and TCP/139.  Some primi
       tive decoding of IPX and NetBEUI SMB data is also done.

       By  default  a  fairly minimal decode is done, with a much
       more detailed decode done if -v is used.  Be  warned  that
       with -v a single SMB packet may take up a page or more, so
       only use -v if you really want all the gory details.

       If  you  are  decoding  SMB  sessions  containing  unicode
       strings  then you may wish to set the environment variable
       USE_UNICODE to 1.  A patch to auto-detect  unicode  srings
       would be welcome.

       For  information  on  SMB  packet  formats and what all te
       fields  mean  see  www.cifs.org  or  the  pub/samba/specs/
       directory  on  your  favourite samba.org mirror site.  The
       SMB   patches   were   written    by    Andrew    Tridgell
       (tridge@samba.org).

       NFS Requests and Replies

       Sun  NFS  (Network  File  System) requests and replies are
       printed as:
              src.xid > dst.nfs: len op args
              src.nfs > dst.xid: reply stat len op results

              sushi.6709 > wrl.nfs: 112 readlink fh 21,24/10.73165
              wrl.nfs > sushi.6709: reply ok 40 readlink "../var"
              sushi.201b > wrl.nfs:
                   144 lookup fh 9,74/4096.6878 "xcolors"

       In the first line, host sushi sends a transaction with  id
       6709  to  wrl (note that the number following the src host
       is a transaction id, not the source  port).   The  request
       was  112  bytes,  excluding  the  UDP and IP headers.  The
       operation was a readlink (read symbolic link) on file han
       dle (fh) 21,24/10.731657119.  (If one is lucky, as in this
       case, the file handle can be interpreted as a  major,minor
       device  number pair, followed by the inode number and gen
       eration number.)  Wrl replies `ok' with  the  contents  of
       the link.

       In  the  third  line,  sushi  asks  wrl to lookup the name
       `xcolors' in directory file 9,74/4096.6878.  Note that the
       data printed depends on the operation type.  The format is
       intended to be self explanatory  if  read  in  conjunction
       with an NFS protocol spec.

       If  the -v (verbose) flag is given, additional information
       is printed.  For example:

              sushi.1372a > wrl.nfs:
                   148 read fh 21,11/12.195 8192 bytes @ 24576
              wrl.nfs > sushi.1372a:
                   reply ok 1472 read REG 100664 ids 417/0 sz 29388

       (-v also prints the IP header TTL, ID, length,  and  frag
       mentation  fields, which have been omitted from this exam
       ple.)  In the first line, sushi  asks  wrl  to  read  8192
       bytes  from  file 21,11/12.195, at byte offset 24576.  Wrl
       replies `ok'; the packet shown on the second line  is  the
       first  fragment of the reply, and hence is only 1472 bytes
       long (the other bytes will follow in subsequent fragments,
       but  these  fragments  do not have NFS or even UDP headers
       and so might not  be  printed,  depending  on  the  filter
       expression  used).   Because the -v flag is given, some of
       the file attributes (which are returned in addition to the
       file  data) are printed: the file type (``REG'', for regu
       lar file), the file mode (in octal), the uid and gid,  and
       the file size.

       If  the -v flag is given more than once, even more details
       are printed.

       Note that NFS requests are very  large  and  much  of  the
       detail  won't be printed unless snaplen is increased.  Try
       using `-s 192' to watch NFS traffic.

       NFS reply packets do not explicitly identify the RPC oper
       ation.    Instead,   tcpdump  keeps  track  of  ``recent''
       requests, and matches them to the replies using the trans
       action  ID.  If a reply does not closely follow the corre

       Transarc AFS (Andrew File System) requests and replies are
       printed as:

              src.sport > dst.dport: rx packet-type
              src.sport > dst.dport: rx packet-type service call call-name args
              src.sport > dst.dport: rx packet-type service reply call-name args

              elvis.7001 > pike.afsfs:
                   rx data fs call rename old fid 536876964/1/1 ".newsrc.new"
                   new fid 536876964/1/1 ".newsrc"
              pike.afsfs > elvis.7001: rx data fs reply rename

       In  the  first line, host elvis sends a RX packet to pike.
       This was a RX data packet to the fs (fileserver)  service,
       and  is  the  start  of  an  RPC call.  The RPC call was a
       rename, with the old directory file  id  of  536876964/1/1
       and  an old filename of `.newsrc.new', and a new directory
       file id of 536876964/1/1 and a new filename of  `.newsrc'.
       The host pike responds with a RPC reply to the rename call
       (which was successful, because it was a  data  packet  and
       not an abort packet).

       In  general, all AFS RPCs are decoded at least by RPC call
       name.  Most AFS RPCs have at least some of  the  arguments
       decoded  (generally  only the `interesting' arguments, for
       some definition of interesting).

       The format is intended to be self-describing, but it  will
       probably not be useful to people who are not familiar with
       the workings of AFS and RX.

       If the -v (verbose) flag is given  twice,  acknowledgement
       packets and additional header information is printed, such
       as the the RX  call  ID,  call  number,  sequence  number,
       serial number, and the RX packet flags.

       If  the  -v flag is given twice, additional information is
       printed, such as the the RX call ID,  serial  number,  and
       the  RX  packet flags.  The MTU negotiation information is
       also printed from RX ack packets.

       If the -v flag is given three times,  the  security  index
       and service id are printed.

       Error codes are printed for abort packets, with the excep
       tion of Ubik beacon packets  (because  abort  packets  are
       used to signify a yes vote for the Ubik protocol).

       Note  that  AFS  requests  are  very large and many of the
       arguments won't be printed unless  snaplen  is  increased.
       Try using `-s 256' to watch AFS traffic.
       ation.   Instead,  tcpdump  keeps  track   of   ``recent''
       requests,  and  matches them to the replies using the call
       number and service ID.  If a reply does not closely follow
       the corresponding request, it might not be parsable.

       KIP Appletalk (DDP in UDP)

       Appletalk  DDP  packets  encapsulated in UDP datagrams are
       de-encapsulated and dumped as DDP packets (i.e.,  all  the
       UDP   header   information   is   discarded).    The  file
       /etc/atalk.names is used to translate  appletalk  net  and
       node numbers to names.  Lines in this file have the form
              number    name

              1.254          ether
              16.1      icsd-net
              1.254.110 ace
       The  first two lines give the names of appletalk networks.
       The third line gives the name of a particular host (a host
       is distinguished from a net by the 3rd octet in the number
       - a net number must have two octets and a host number must
       have  three  octets.)  The number and name should be sepa
       rated   by   whitespace    (blanks    or    tabs).     The
       /etc/atalk.names  file  may contain blank lines or comment
       lines (lines starting with a `#').

       Appletalk addresses are printed in the form
              net.host.port

              144.1.209.2 > icsd-net.112.220
              office.2 > icsd-net.112.220
              jssmag.149.235 > icsd-net.2
       (If the /etc/atalk.names doesn't exist or doesn't  contain
       an entry for some appletalk host/net number, addresses are
       printed in numeric form.)  In the first example, NBP  (DDP
       port  2)  on  net 144.1 node 209 is sending to whatever is
       listening on port 220 of net icsd node  112.   The  second
       line  is  the same except the full name of the source node
       is known (`office').  The third line is a send  from  port
       235  on  net  jssmag node 149 to broadcast on the icsd-net
       NBP port (note that the broadcast address (255)  is  indi
       cated  by a net name with no host number - for this reason
       it's a good idea to keep node names and net names distinct
       in /etc/atalk.names).

       NBP (name binding protocol) and ATP (Appletalk transaction
       protocol) packets have their contents interpreted.   Other
       protocols  just  dump  the  protocol name (or number if no
       name is registered for the protocol) and packet size.

       NBP packets are formatted like the following examples:
              techpit.2 > icsd-net.112.220: nbp-reply 190: "techpit:LaserWriter@*" 186
       The first line is a name lookup request  for  laserwriters
       sent  by  net  icsd  host 112 and broadcast on net jssmag.
       The nbp id for the lookup is 190.  The second line shows a
       reply for this request (note that it has the same id) from
       host jssmag.209 saying that it has a laserwriter  resource
       named  "RM1140" registered on port 250.  The third line is
       another reply to the same request saying host techpit  has
       laserwriter "techpit" registered on port 186.

       ATP  packet  formatting  is  demonstrated by the following
       example:
              jssmag.209.165 > helios.132: atp-req  12266<0-7> 0xae030001
              helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:0 (512) 0xae040000
              helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:1 (512) 0xae040000
              helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:2 (512) 0xae040000
              helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:3 (512) 0xae040000
              helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:4 (512) 0xae040000
              helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:5 (512) 0xae040000
              helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:6 (512) 0xae040000
              helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp*12266:7 (512) 0xae040000
              jssmag.209.165 > helios.132: atp-req  12266<3,5> 0xae030001
              helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:3 (512) 0xae040000
              helios.132 > jssmag.209.165: atp-resp 12266:5 (512) 0xae040000
              jssmag.209.165 > helios.132: atp-rel  12266<0-7> 0xae030001
              jssmag.209.133 > helios.132: atp-req* 12267<0-7> 0xae030002
       Jssmag.209 initiates transaction id 12266 with host helios
       by requesting up to 8 packets (the `<0-7>').  The hex num
       ber at the end of the line is the value of the  `userdata'
       field in the request.

       Helios  responds  with  8  512-byte packets.  The `:digit'
       following the transaction id  gives  the  packet  sequence
       number  in the transaction and the number in parens is the
       amount of data in the packet, excluding  the  atp  header.
       The `*' on packet 7 indicates that the EOM bit was set.

       Jssmag.209 then requests that packets 3 & 5 be retransmit
       ted.  Helios resends them  then  jssmag.209  releases  the
       transaction.    Finally,  jssmag.209  initiates  the  next
       request.   The  `*'  on  the  request  indicates  that  XO
       (`exactly once') was not set.

       IP Fragmentation

       Fragmented Internet datagrams are printed as
              (frag id:size@offset+)
              (frag id:size@offset)
       (The  first  form indicates there are more fragments.  The
       second indicates this is the last fragment.)

       offset (in bytes) in the original datagram.

       The fragment information is output for each fragment.  The
       first  fragment  contains the higher level protocol header
       and the frag info is  printed  after  the  protocol  info.
       Fragments after the first contain no higher level protocol
       header and the frag info is printed after the  source  and
       destination  addresses.   For  example, here is part of an
       ftp from arizona.edu to lbl-rtsg.arpa over a CSNET connec
       tion that doesn't appear to handle 576 byte datagrams:
              arizona.ftp-data > rtsg.1170: . 1024:1332(308) ack 1 win 4096 (frag 595a:328@0+)
              arizona > rtsg: (frag 595a:204@328)
              rtsg.1170 > arizona.ftp-data: . ack 1536 win 2560
       There  are  a  couple  of  things  to  note  here:  First,
       addresses in the 2nd  line  don't  include  port  numbers.
       This is because the TCP protocol information is all in the
       first fragment and we  have  no  idea  what  the  port  or
       sequence  numbers  are  when we print the later fragments.
       Second, the tcp sequence information in the first line  is
       printed  as  if there were 308 bytes of user data when, in
       fact, there are 512 bytes (308 in the first frag  and  204
       in  the  second).   If  you  are  looking for holes in the
       sequence space or trying to match up  acks  with  packets,
       this can fool you.

       A  packet with the IP don't fragment flag is marked with a
       trailing (DF).

       Timestamps

       By default, all output lines are preceded by a  timestamp.
       The timestamp is the current clock time in the form
              hh:mm:ss.frac
       and  is  as accurate as the kernel's clock.  The timestamp
       reflects the time the kernel first  saw  the  packet.   No
       attempt  is  made to account for the time lag between when
       the ethernet interface removed the packet  from  the  wire
       and when the kernel serviced the `new packet' interrupt.

SEE ALSO
       traffic(1C), nit(4P), bpf(4), pcap(3)

AUTHORS
       The original authors are:

       Van  Jacobson,  Craig Leres and Steven McCanne, all of the
       Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of Cali
       fornia, Berkeley, CA.

       It is currently being maintained by tcpdump.org.

       The current version is available via http:

       The original distribution is available via anonymous ftp:

              ftp://ftp.ee.lbl.gov/tcpdump.tar.Z

       IPv6/IPsec  support  is  added by WIDE/KAME project.  This
       program uses Eric Young's SSLeay library,  under  specific
       configuration.

BUGS
       Please  send problems, bugs, questions, desirable enhance
       ments, etc. to:

              tcpdump-workers@tcpdump.org

       Please send source code contributions, etc. to:

              patches@tcpdump.org

       NIT doesn't let you watch your own outbound  traffic,  BPF
       will.  We recommend that you use the latter.

       On Linux systems with 2.0[.x] kernels:

              packets on the loopback device will be seen twice;

              packet  filtering  cannot be done in the kernel, so
              that all packets must be copied from the kernel  in
              order to be filtered in user mode;

              all  of  a  packet, not just the part that's within
              the snapshot length, will be copied from the kernel
              (the  2.0[.x] packet capture mechanism, if asked to
              copy only part of a packet to  userland,  will  not
              report  the  true  length of the packet; this would
              cause most IP packets to get  an  error  from  tcp
              dump).

       We recommend that you upgrade to a 2.2 or later kernel.

       Some attempt should be made to reassemble IP fragments or,
       at least to compute the right length for the higher  level
       protocol.

       Name  server inverse queries are not dumped correctly: the
       (empty) question section is printed rather than real query
       in  the answer section.  Some believe that inverse queries
       are themselves a bug and prefer to fix the program  gener
       ating them rather than tcpdump.

       A packet trace that crosses a daylight savings time change
       will give skewed time stamps (the time change is ignored).
       headers assume that all FDDI and Token  Ring  packets  are
       SNAP-encapsulated  Ethernet packets.  This is true for IP,
       ARP, and DECNET Phase IV, but is not  true  for  protocols
       such as ISO CLNS.  Therefore, the filter may inadvertently
       accept certain packets that do not properly match the fil
       ter expression.

       Filter expressions on fields other than those that manipu
       late Token Ring headers will not correctly handle  source-
       routed Token Ring packets.

       ip6 proto should chase header chain, but at this moment it
       does not.  ip6 protochain is supplied for this behavior.

       Arithmetic expression  against  transport  layer  headers,
       like  tcp[0], does not work against IPv6 packets.  It only
       looks at IPv4 packets.

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