Fact of e-Government Status in Indonesia

I. Basic Infrastructure (Telecommunication & Computer)
•	There are 468 local governments, main districts / cities in Indonesia, but only 214 local governments have websites as the first phase of e-gov development. From those 214 sites, 186 are accessible, the rest 28 are inaccessible (under construction / not found).
•	Local governments, main districts / cities who have websites :
•	80%-100%	: DKI Jakarta, DI Yogyakarta, East Java, and Bali
•	60%-79%	: Lampung, West Java, Central Java, and East Kalimantan
•	40%-59%	: West Sumatra, Riau, Banten, and North Sulawesi
•	20%-39%	: North Sumatra, South Sumatra, West Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, East Nusa Tenggara, West Nusa Tenggara, Gorontalo, and South Sulawesi
•	1%-19%	: Nanggro Aceh Darussalam, Jambi, Bengkulu, Central Kalimantan, East Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, Papua, and North Moluccas
•	0%		: Bangka Belitung, and Moluccas
•	Ministry of Communication and Information, as the authority given by Indonesian government to develop e-gov, are still doing some process to give rating to local government websites.
•	There are 283 websites, consists of 37 department/ministry/high government body websites, 32 non-governmental body websites, and 214 local government province district and city websites
•	The rating points are concentrated on speed accessibility, display, content, contextual, usability, readability, data mobility (dynamic/static), accuracy, public information service, hits and platform using.
•	The goal of government website rating are
1.	Knowing the capability, ability, and quality of a government website
2.	Giving input regarding the website condition to the administrator
3.	Developing innovation and giving motivation to the government website administrator
•	Computerization network that will be used at 2004 General Election, after the    
 Election will be given to Indonesian government to build e-gov fundamental infrastructure. According to some IT experts in Indonesia, it will be difficult because :
o	Nobody will maintain and taking care of the computers that spread out to districts/cities
o	People who will operating the computer at 2004 General Election are special trained students, and responsibly having limited ability and time
o	People who will accepting and keeping those computers in the country only have little knowledge of computer
•	 According to document released by General Election Committee (Komite Pemilihan Umum - KPU) as the   executor of the development of 2004 General Election computerization network, there will be 8000 computer giving to 438 main districts/cities and 5059 sub-districts.
•	Total sub-district In Indonesia is 4994, but not all of them have connection to telecommunication and/or internet.
•	2552 sub-districts will have PT Telkom cable phone connection
•	2442 sub-districts others that have not connected, will get from Pasific Satelit Nusantara (PSN) satellite connection
•	The lack of infrastructure in Indonesia nowadays results in the readiness of e-gov services only reach 9% of Indonesian citizens. It based on survey and study research by Kominfo, university and government research body on the readiness of e-government implementation. Supporting infrastructure that measured are telecommunication infrastructure, internet & computer penetration, rules, human resources, financial, and strategy.
•	Ministry of Communication and Information said that amount of investment needed to build e-Indonesia network backbone, as one of the condition to make e-gov in Indonesia success, is estimated at US$ 50 million (around Rp. 430 billion).
•	Ministry of Communication and Information gave investment illustration to build e-gov solution in some place, which are 1 unit server computer , 5 client computers, and 6 months human resources training estimated at Rp. 300 million (around US$ 35000).

II. Supporting Regulation (Act)
•	Indonesian President, Abdurrahman Wahid in 2001 had released Presidential Decree No. 6/2001 about “ Developing and Usability of ICT in Indonesia” stating concept of “Government Online” inside. That concept aims increase: good governance, transparency & government accountability effort, citizen participation, public services, and working relation between government bodies.
•	Indonesian President, Megawati Soekarnoputri in 2003 had released Presidential Decree No. 3/2003 about “Policy and National Strategy on e-Government Development”, on July 2003. It aims that government bodies central or local can understand the importance of e-goc, strategic aim of e-gov, obstacles that can happen on implementing e-gov, way of developing, strategy and implementation on developing e-gov, nationally or the bodies themselves.
•	Ministry of Communication and Information said that e-gov in Indonesia has just entered the first phase, which is only at display on websites. Even so, some of them have advancing and able to create interaction between user and government. These interactions, such as questions and answers, consulting and communication forum by internet. To achieve transaction phase, e-gov websites need regulations. That is, beside Presidential Decree No. 3/2003 mentioned above, Information and Electronic Transaction (ITE) Act still needed, which can be a lawsuit on every transaction. Draft of ITE Act has been given to the President through National Secretary by Ministry of Communication and Information, to be discussed with the Parliament after 2004 General Election, those draft is the combination of act, which proposed by a team from Faculty of Law University of Padjadjaran and University of Indonesia.
•	Ministry of Communication and Information will release 10 documents about guidance of e-gov in Indonesia. Those guidance are about: (1) Government portal standard infrastructure (2) e-record management (3) standard quality (4) service range & application development (5) authorization body policy (6) information exchange (7) private involvement (8) good governance development policy & change management (9) education policy, project execution & budgeting, and (10) guideline to arranging developing e-government body plan.
•	According to task force of Ministry of Communication and Information, some of government institutions in the country so far have investing on IT usage in government operational but only at first phase, which is “front office”. So that, it is good enough to accomplished an ideal e-gov in Indonesia in 5-10 years.

III. Public Opinion (e-Government Award 2003)
•	In the mid of 2003, Warta Ekonomi magazine, a national media specialized in new economy information/news and have a special feature on Indonesian e-gov, gave e-Government Award 2003. The criteria are at changing governing process, leadership vision and mission, strategic investment, collaboration with others, public services, and other technical and general information. The board of jury represent civil society and expert, they are:
o	Mas Wigrantoro Roes Setiyadi, Msi, MPP (Country Coordinator Global Internet Policy Initiative – GIPI Indonesia)
o	Budi Rahardjo, MSc, PhD (IT Lecturer from Bandung Institute of Technology - ITB and IT books writer)
o	Dr. Andi Mallarangeng (Political and Autonomy expert)
o	Dr. Richardus Eko Indrajit, MSc. MBA (Chairman of University of  Perbanas and IT book writer)
o	Dr. Robert Simanjuntak, MSc, PhD (Researcher at Faculty of Economy  University of Indonesia)
•	The winner on e-Government Award 2003 Warta Ekonomi magazine version are :
o	Main District / city category: 
1.	Tarakan – www.kotatarakan.go.id
2.	Kutai timur  – www.kutaitimur.go.id
3.	Denpasar – www.denpasar.go.id
o	Province category: 
1.	Yogyakarta – www.pemda-diy.go.id
2.	Kalimantan Timur – www.kaltim.go.id
3.	Sulawesi Utara – www.sulut.go.id
o	Ministry / Department category: 
1.	Ministry of National Education – www.depdiknas.go.id
2.	Ministry of Internal Affairs – www.depdagri.go.id
3.	Ministry of Politics and National Security Coordinator – www.polkam.go.id
o	Non-department government category:
1.	Central Bank of Indonesia – www.bi.go.id
2.	Coordinator of National Survey and Mapping Body – www.bakorsurtanal.go.id
3.	National Search and Rescue (SAR) Body – www.basarnas.go.id
o	Other relevan bodies :
1.	Capital Market Watch Body – www.bapepam.go.id
2.	Energy Information Center, Energy and Natural Resources Department –  www.pie-esdm.go.id
3.	Directorate General of Power and Enery Empowerment, Energy and Natural Resources Department – www.djlpe.go.id

IV. Supporting Statistics (Telephone, Internet and Domain Name)
•	Statistic on domain name growth GO.ID (government-Indonesia)
Year	Month	Total	
	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Okt	Nov	Des		
2001				1							62	9	72	
2002	8	9	10	5	9	14	18	10	18	15	19	19	154	
2003	36	16	20	14	23	13	32	20	42	21	27	43	307	
2004	31												31	
Total	564	
Source : IdNic.net.id
•	Statistic on internet user and internet customer
Year	Subscriber	User	
1998	134,000	512,000	
1999	256,000	1,000,000	
2000	400,000	1,900,000	
2001	581,000	4,200,000	
2002	667,002	4,500,000	
2003	861,569	8,057,974	
Source: APJII.or.id

•	Total population of Indonesian citizen is 214,561,040 people. Total Telkom conventional phone connections in Indonesia are 7.8 million connections (2 million are in Universal Service Obligator area). Telkom customers are 7.4 million. Total village in Indonesia are 72 thousand villages, 42 thousand haven’t touched by telephone connection.
•	Data on first week of January 2004, there are 18.6 million cell phone number: 
o	Telkomsel 9.7 million
o	Indosat group 6 million
o	Excelcom 2.9 million
•	Total cell phone users in Indonesia on 2002 are 11.45 million numbers, on 2003 are 18.2 million numbers. Projected on 2004, cellular users are reaching 22 to 25 million numbers.
Data and estimation cellular market in Indonesia	
	2001	2002	2003	2004**	
Subscriber *	6,35	11,45	18,2	25,5	
Population *	205	210	216	223	
Penetration	3%	5%	8%	11%	
Growth	-	80%	59%	40%	
Source : Alcatel / Bisnis Indonesia (januari 2004)
*) in million
**) estimation

•	55% cell phone user in Indonesia accepting new technology in a good way, such as SMS and MMS services to enrich their way of communication. About 57% (age 20-29 years old) and 60% (age 15-19 years old) cell phone user in Indonesia, send more SMS than reading a book when killing time. Source: Siemens Mobile Lifestyle III Survey / Asia Bus / Koran Tempo (March 2003).

V. E-Gov obstacles in Indonesia (according to some sources)
•	Budi Rahardjo MSc, PhD (IT lecturer at ITB and IT books writer)
o	No sharing information culture
o	Documentation information culture still unusual
o	Lack of expert IT manpower in government
o	Inadequate telecommunication infrastructure (expensive and uneven)
o	Inadequate place to access information
•	Gempar Ikka Wijaya (IT journalist and columnist)
o	Recruitment system in local government still not transparent and not nepotism free
o	A lot of government officials will be left out or feel disadvantage, because of e-gov
o	Local government project will only going in 4-5 years, based on major/governor length of service
o	Lack of knowledge in local government manpower will cause vendor/other offering e-gov solution which is expensive but useless
o	Inadequate telecommunication infrastructure (expensive and uneven)
o	Local government builds their own e-gov application based on their version, ignoring the integration concept and interconnection between information systems.
•	Manuel Diaz Rossano (Bekasi Electronic Data Processing Office Staff and Web admin of www.kotabekasi.go.id)
o	E-gov development solely pursuing construct the infrastructure, not at manpower development or culture changing
o	Very low incentive for e-gov administrator, unequal with the work.
o	Policy of local government and parliament often change, lack of understanding on IT, neediness to have an instant goal so that IT is considered as a waste.
o	e-gov often used by some vendor/consultant to offer project to the decision maker for quick profit using recognized vendor as a shield
o	Unfinished bureaucratic problems, so that each body makes the own system, which is, cannot be integrated with others.
o	Bureaucracy still has the manual culture, connecting with little incentive they will gains, computerization is considered as a threat.
o	Diversity of IT knowledge between superior and inferior, or between head district/major and head of regional service.
o	Inadequate telecommunication infrastructure, especially in the countries.
o	Lack of seriousness of handling the manpower by vendor/consultant, so right after the project has finished, they consider their job has finished to. It cause unattached peripheral can’t be used, even being cannibalized to other thing.
o	e-gov issues have become a new way to make a corruption, because the service values are untraceable like other project. If Ministry of Communication and Information is / has release the technical standardization, the results in each countries will not be the same.
•	Ashwin Sasongko (Secretary Minister of Research and Technology) declared that one of the obstacle on e-gov development in Indonesia is the maintenance and operational budget was unprepared by the government, they only released the developing budget.
•	Lazuardi Ilyas (System Communication Expert Staff on Ministry of Internal Affair) said that e-gov development in Indonesia still not moving. It happened because of government officials did not want to open up. Beside that, there was a misperception in local and central government that the websites that has been built in districts / provinces is considered as e-gov. He said that websites is only an instrument to socialize e-gov goals not to the e-gov itself.

VI. Opinion from Drs. Zaian Abidin (Head of Takalar District, South Sulawesi) * 

*) Note from ICT Watch :
This opinion was taken from interview article by eBizz Asia Magazine, January 2003. e-gov that being build by Takalar District is usually become as a pilot project to experts, practitioners, and e-gov developing / building observers in Indonesia. Besides Takalar district, there is one place which usually become as a pilot project, Kutai District. Takalar & Kutai District basically have significant similarities,: (a) Local government high awareness, (b) High regional income from natural resources, (c) Adequate infrastructure support from PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia (Telkom). e-Gov that is built by those two districts are displaying information about how to take care papers in internet websites and online intranet processing in local government office to administering papers needed by citizens.

How it began, the initiative to implement e-government?
When took master of LAN to study public policy, I interested to which is called as Total Quality Management (TQM). One of it is for public services, which is supporting by some factors, especially for apparatuses themselves. In comparative studiy, I chose Gianyar, Bali, which has public services commitment. In a way they make one roof system in Gianyar, while the technology was developed in RISTI, Bandung. But at that time Gianyar had not implemented the technology. My vision in that time was how to give good services to public, the one that satisfy them.
What is the measurement, speed or accessibility?
We want to make a good service that satisfy people and have a high quality, and can be used by people soon, especially to increase their wealth. Such as creating ID. We don’t want important matter can’t be done because there was no ID. Thus, create an ID card can be done in a short time.
So the people still must be there physically?
Yes, because the website is still not accessible and the technology is being prepared. We still use telephone, entering the second phase. So the can use telephone, the terms of conditions have been informed. And also every status of people’s business can be answered.
How many sub-districts and how about population in Takalar?
There are 7 sub-districts with 230 thousand people there. But the income has increased double when I was in charge. It happened only in two years. It was not so big, from 2 billion plus to 5 billion plus.
Do you collaborate with RISTI (IT Research Division – PT Telkom) since the first time?
I did benchmarking in there and RISTI did promote on some developed programs, for instance, collaborating with Microsoft. They are collaborating with European, such as German. So I considered them as experts, and maybe because they are government’s company so they are cheaper. While the computers came from Singapore.
Now the services placed in head district office?
No. It has its own office. It is called services building. It is like a bank, having their front office. And also become as operators and finalization.
So what they do in the village?
They play very important role, which is legitimates the delivery papers. Just like Singapore, the country takes care of it. In Indonesia, we are still doing it in district level. IMB (permission to build building) is also in district.
With centralized operation in head district office, people access is far enough, isn’t it?
Our district office is not far, near the town. So they only take public transport. If we finish the web, we have prepared services places in every sub-district. People only have to go there.
So with web, every application and information can be seen?
We will prepare the service places. Now people can have the internet access, and also may visit internet public, such as internet center/kiosk. The web too, but only not open yet.
Isn’t Indonesian Postal Service providing internet access?
Yes but limited, because there are only 1 post office. What I want is just like ATM spots. The service can be online, for instance to make birth certificate, pay hospital bill, etc. Leader, every citizen has citizen registration. Nowadays only the ID appliance entered the database.
So the services are not yet reached 230,000 people?
Not yet. Especially now, the capacity of our computer server is almost full. So we have to increase the capacity. Just like in Singapore. Singapore has centralized their citizen registration and immigration, on one roof.
If every head district thinks of theirs own territory, it can be happen nationally?
Yes it will. I think every citizen has the right to be registered and have ID. It is our duty to give them. Every newborn citizens, has rights to be given birth certificate. Now it is left to our readiness to fulfill that.
Is it the back office must be smoothening first?
As I said before, we did not have the courage to develop it in the sub-districts because the manpower, infrastructure and the technology were not ready yet. Now the World Bank has surveying, collecting data, hopefully we will have the program in this 2003.
How must does it cost you until today?
First I started with the building, tools, also with the computer system development, hardware or software. I spent about Rp. 500 million, it is operational. 
How many computers does the system use?
It’s about 20 units, not including the servers. The budget included the servers. We get Rp 125 million from Japan for developing voice communication network. Not mention maintenance fee, about Rp 50 million per year. Maintain the web, then network, and salary. But if we count it from the service aspect, we have reached break-even point. But the important matter is not the capital, it is the citizen satisfaction.
Beside ID, what other services does the system give?
The system also provides IMB, business permit, taxes, some tax mutation, etc. Now we are building Geographical Information System.
The handling is from head district office or has collaborated since the beginning?
Firstly we collaborated with PT Telkom (RisTI). So the technology was given, the manpower was trained. The RisTI made the software in 1999.
What do you think about the ideal implementation of e-Gov at Takalar?
Ideally, people do not need to come, just accessing from their home or internet public /   kiosk. Then we send it to their home.
Which is more important, the tool readiness or the thinking pattern?
Both of them are important. Even though we have policies, we change our thinking pattern, but if it is not supported by systems or infrastructures, it is impossible. But, changing thinking pattern is important. We have to want it first, have political will. Not only just personal needs from the head district.
Does a lot of head district have the same thought as you?
Not from South Sulawesi, but from outside. Such as East Kalimantan, in East Kutai, expanded from Kutai Kertanegara district, they are the second in Indonesia. If I am not mistaken they are also Gorontalo, then Lamongan in East Java. So they have interests to.
Seen from the not-so-big budget, should the other head district should be able to do it?
Maybe yes. Frankly, I want a standard for public services. So they should not have to walk from one office to another, just in one place. That’s why I built the new building
What is the opinion from the bottom level, especially from sub-districts?
They responded well. At first there were so much complain in making ID in bottom level, but not anymore. Now you are only filling the form, they see identity from the village, and then it is done.

VII. General Condition of e-Gov Takalar District and East Kutai District *

*) Note from ICT Watch :
This article was taken from eBizz Asia Magazine on September 2003.

Takalar district was the first district whom digitally implementing One Roof Administration System (Sistem Administrasi Satu Atap – SIMTAP). This system would be able to arranging many licenses, and not allowing ‘hide and seek’ administration anymore. There are at least 12 licenses can be processed digitally. Those process integrated with the superior’s office, so can be monitored in anytime for decision-making.
Before SIMTAP, applying for ID became the exhausting matter for the entire citizen in this country. At least they need a week after the appliance to have the ID. The fee was depending by agreement between the officers and citizens. SIMTAP can terminate the citizens’ ‘nightmare’ when applying that kind of licenses.

After 3 years operating, Takalar District SIMTAP have processed about 1,000 licenses per month, and gain income about Rp 400 million or about 10% from their regional income. SIMTAP not only becoming the “profit center” from the district, but also can eliminate nightmares and expensive fee for the citizens or business people when applying for licenses.

A bit different from Takalar District is East Kutai in East Kalimantan. It has developed District Government Management System Body (Badan Sistem Informasi Manajemen Pemerintahan Kabupaten – SIMPEKAB). This body was the government attempt to support development program and increasing efficiency and effort.  Their duty is to give accurate information and data, quick and give the best services for the patron.

East Kutai SIMPEKAB is the extension from one roof licensing services. SIMPEKAB is also including geographical (SIMGEO), tourisms (SIMPAR), agribusinesses and industries (SIMAGRI), staff and officials (SIMPEG), finances (SIMKEU), district properties (SIMPERDA), statistics (SIMSTA), capital investments (SIMPMD), environment (SIMLIDA), labor (SIMNAKER).

For the entire license service under SIMPTAP can be finished less than 60 minutes since the form is given to the services pigeonhole. Even, nowadays the process only took 36 minutes since the document is given. Whereas this only the digital processing, not the online one.

To go to the online processing, East Kutai District government still hold back by the problem of regulation about security and cyber law that still vacuum, and also by regulation of online information disclosure. Beside that, the other problem is the lack of telecommunication penetration, so that there are a wide digital divide in people of East Kutai District.

Resistances a kind of this discontinue governmental ahead motion wishing empowering IT as service medium for his society. Autonomy government has blazed the way partner with private sector circle actively, including the owner of internet center / kiosk. But possibly one of the problems is the level of e-literacy in society.

The becoming main problem exactly at broader level namely happened wide gap in execution of e-gov in national scale.  There are only a few autonomy districts and provinces capable to move to the next step of e-gov implementations, whereas for the most part exactly experience of stagnations in development e-gov. Mean simply presence web, owned e-mail and website, without existence of desire to develop furthermore.

--- ICT Watch / 2004 ---

Sources (mostly in Bahasa):

•	www.detik.com, national online media
•	www.wartaekonomi.com, national new economy and e-government magazine official website
•	www.apjii.or.id, Internet Service Providers  Association official website
•	www.idnic.net.id, ID Domain Registration official website
•	Warta Ekonomi,  national new economy and e-government magazine
•	eBizzAsia,  national IT, communication and e-business magazine
•	Koran Tempo, national daily newspaper
•	Bisnis Indonesia, national daily newspaper
•	Understanding IT, book by Budi Rahardjo Ph.D.
•	Electronic Government, book by Dr. Richardus Eko Indrajit, MSc, MBA
•	IT, Nation Pillar for Indonesia Resurgence, book by Ministry of Communication and Information
•	Telematika, Indonesian ICT Mailing-list